# The Bundesbank’s climate roadmap 2026-27 Climate change and the ongoing loss of nature are among the most important challenges faced by today's society. The effects are already being felt: more frequent and intense extreme weather events -- such as heatwaves, floods and droughts -- and a decline in the availability of vital natural services -- such as clean water and fertile soil -- are weighing on economies around the world. The impact of climate change is expected to intensify further in future, and climate-induced economic damage is on the rise in Germany.[\[1\]](#_ftn_root_1) At the same time, the transition to a climate-neutral economy will require far-reaching adjustments in almost all sectors of the economy and bring its own challenges and opportunities.[\[2\]](#_ftn_root_2){#par-u6e4u5} Why is the Bundesbank addressing climate change and nature loss? ---------------------------------------------------------------- The macroeconomic impact of the transition and climate change is directly relevant to the fulfilment of the Bundesbank's mandate. As part of the Eurosystem, the Bundesbank's primary objective is to maintain price stability. In line with the Eurosystem's monetary policy strategy, it takes climate-related inflation and growth effects into account in its macroeconomic analyses. Nature-related risks, such as water scarcity, can also have macroeconomic effects, and the Bundesbank takes these into consideration as it works to achieve the objective of price stability. As part of its mandate, the Bundesbank therefore looks into the impact of climate change, nature loss and policy measures to contain these developments on inflation and growth. {#par-aao3e8} Climate change and nature loss affect not only the real economy, but also the financial system. Physical risks arise if, for example, businesses or assets are damaged by extreme weather events. Transition risks arise as part of the transition to a climate-neutral and resource-efficient economy. Measures such as significantly increasing the cost of greenhouse gas emissions are likely to trigger far-reaching economic adjustment processes.[\[3\]](#_ftn_root_3) {#par-o3i177} By fulfilling its monetary policy mandate, the Eurosystem contributes to a reliable economic environment. This is also important for the transition to a climate-neutral economy. For example, relative prices, and thus climate-related price signals, can have a steering effect when prices are relatively stable. {#par-e8184a} In fulfilling its tasks, the Bundesbank is committed to ensuring that climate and nature-related risks to price and financial stability are appropriately measured, assessed and disclosed. Within its mandate, it contributes to safeguarding financial stability in Germany as a member of the Financial Stability Committee. The Bundesbank fulfils its supervisory mandate together with the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority () and within the framework of the Single Supervisory Mechanism (). Risks arising from climate change and nature loss as well as the transition can impair the stability of individual financial institutions and the financial system as a whole. The materialisation of these risks can weaken macroeconomic growth, alter asset valuations or impair the functioning of financial markets.[\[4\]](#_ftn_root_4) The Bundesbank therefore takes these risks into consideration in its financial stability analyses and, in banking supervision, ensures that institutions take adequate account of key climate and nature-related risks in their business strategy, governance, risk management and disclosures.{#par-o8334o} Risks arising from climate change, nature loss and the transition also affect the Bundesbank's own balance sheet. The Bundesbank aims to take these aspects into account in its own investment decisions, in order to adequately assess and limit financial risks to its own balance sheet. By taking these aspects into account, it also contributes to achieving the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement and the climate neutrality goals of the and the Federal Republic of Germany. It takes sustainability aspects into consideration in the management of its non-monetary policy portfolio, alongside the primary investment criteria of security, liquidity and return -- in line with the Federal Climate Action Act.{#par-ae2u7e} Through its analyses, supervisory activities, advisory services and international cooperation, the Bundesbank also contributes to the creation of a stable enabling environment, which is a prerequisite for the transition to a climate-neutral and resource-efficient economy. The Bundesbank is also examining its own business operations in terms of "double materiality". It regularly publishes information and data on this topic in its environmental report.[\[5\]](#_ftn_root_5) A Bundesbank-wide sustainability vision and mission provide guidance to all Bundesbank staff and encourage sustainable action.{#par-a21213} **Our sustainability vision**{#par-i21u69} "We act sustainably and advocate for a sustainable economic and financial system."{#par-uuo12o} **Our sustainability mission**{#par-aao4u9} "We take systematic account of sustainability considerations in the fulfilment of our mandate and incorporate them into our actions: through our analysis and our active participation in forums, we are improving the management of sustainability risks. By doing so, we are contributing to sustainable structural change." In this climate roadmap, the Bundesbank focuses in its sustainability assessment on climate and nature-related factors[\[6\]](#_ftn_root_6) in the context of its core tasks.[\[7\]](#_ftn_root_7) This focus reflects the relevance of these risks to the economy as a whole.{#par-au376e} How does the Bundesbank manage and coordinate its work on climate change and nature loss? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For several years now, the Bundesbank has been working intensively to analyse the risks that climate change poses for the economy and the financial sector. The interdisciplinary Green Finance Expert Group was set up in 2019 to pool the Bundesbank's internal expertise and intensify its work in this area. In 2021, the Green Finance Steering Committee was established as a bank-wide, central steering committee. The Committee steers work examining the impact of climate change, nature loss and climate policy on the fulfilment of the Bundesbank's mandate, and provides strategic impetus. The Bundesbank's core services and functions are represented on the Committee by the heads of their corresponding Directorates General.[\[8\]](#_ftn_root_8) The meetings are chaired by Dr Sabine Mauderer, the Bundesbank's First Deputy Governor. Other members of the Executive Board regularly join the meetings.{#par-a9i26u} Since 2023, a separate Sustainability Hub has reported directly to the Bundesbank's First Deputy Governor. The Hub coordinates and promotes bank-wide activities on the impact of climate change, nature loss and climate policy. It serves as a central point of contact for cross-cutting issues, projects and analyses, and contributes to the visibility of bank-wide activities. The underlying responsibilities still lie with the core services and functions, however. This ensures that sustainability aspects are effectively integrated into the various processes of the Bundesbank wherever they are relevant for its tasks, whilst allowing synergies to arise from the coordination and interdisciplinary exchange between the core services and functions.{#par-e6au5u} Four overarching climate and nature-related objectives have been defined for the current strategy cycle, in order to provide consistent and long-term guidance. Based on these priorities, the Bundesbank has defined business-unit-specific objectives and measures in its climate roadmap to ensure systematic and effective implementation.{#par-i42741} What are the Bundesbank's objectives related to climate change and nature loss? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Shared targets related to climate change and nature loss create clear guidance and strengthen joint responsibility. The four climate and nature-related targets ensure that climate and nature-related risks are not considered in isolation; they are addressed holistically where relevant for fulfilling the Bundesbank's mandate.{#par-u62429} **The Bundesbank's climate and nature-related targets**{#par-ua12e3} 1. With its high-quality analyses, the Bundesbank contributes to the academic, political and public debate as an independent and credible voice. In particular, it is an important voice on questions relating to financing the transition to a climate-neutral and resource-efficient economy. 2. The Bundesbank promotes and advocates the management of climate and nature-related risks, especially among financial institutions. Within its mandate, it also contributes to the transition to a climate-neutral and resource-efficient economy. 3. (a) Within its mandate, the Bundesbank embraces the Paris Agreement and advocates for it to be respected within the Eurosystem. (b) The Bundesbank takes sustainability aspects into account in its own business operations, in particular by reducing its own ecological footprint.[\[9\]](#_ftn_root_9) 4. The Bundesbank enables its staff to develop a sound understanding of the importance of climate and environmental aspects in the context of their work. Which climate and nature-related areas are of relevance to the Bundesbank? -------------------------------------------------------------------------- In its climate and nature-related analytical work, the Bundesbank is currently concentrating on three key focus areas: (i) the transition to a climate-neutral and resource-efficient economy, (ii) nature-related risks and (iii) physical climate risks, including adaptation to the impacts of climate change. TheBundesbank's four overarching climate and nature-related targets set the strategic direction for the Bank's work in these areas. The focus areas, meanwhile, form the basis for deriving technical objectives and measures in the Bundesbank's core services and functions. They thereby ensure a targeted and coordinated implementation of the climate roadmap throughout the Bank.{#par-o1a7i7} **Focus area 1: Transition to a climate-neutral and resource-efficient economy**{#par-e2u6eo} The transition to a climate-neutral and resource-efficient economy, the subject of the European Climate Law[\[10\]](#_ftn_root_10) and the Federal Climate Change Act[\[11\]](#_ftn_root_11), implies far-reaching economic changes. The financial system is at the same time a stakeholder and an actor -- and plays a pivotal role in climate policy: for example, it allows capital to be mobilised for the required projects and investments. The spread of new technologies and the implementation of climate and energy policy objectives, including the transition of energy infrastructure, are leading to structural changes throughout the economy and in the financial system; these may give rise to risks. The Bundesbank is closely monitoring technological, regulatory and market developments and analysing risks and implications for monetary policy, financial stability and financial supervision. The objective of these activities is to ensure the Bundesbank has a comprehensive understanding, in particular of developments in the energy markets, climate policy and regulation, so that it is well placed to ensure price and financial stability.{#par-i428e6} **Focus area** **2: Nature-related risks**{#par-ao13ii} The loss of natural resources and ecosystem services, and the risks associated with increasing water scarcity, have economic and financial repercussions. Over the coming years, the Bundesbank will step up its efforts to enhance its understanding of nature-related risks and their potential impact on the German economy and financial system. One focus will be on improving data availability and quality in order to facilitate measurement and comparison of nature-related risks. In addition, methods for identifying and assessing these risks will be refined and integrated into economic analysis, supervision and regulation. The aim is to gain insights into which forms of nature-related risk (for example water scarcity) could have severe impacts on the economy and the stability of the financial system, and to what extent such risks vary from region to region. This knowledge can be key to strengthening the stability and resilience of the financial system.{#par-o756u4} **Focus area 3: Physical climate-related risks, including adaptation to the impacts of climate change**{#par-eu4126} The physical impacts of climate change include extreme weather events, which are likely to increase in frequency and severity. These developments pose growing challenges for both the real economy and the financial system -- in Germany, Europe and globally. At the same time, capital is needed for targeted adaptation investment in order to make infrastructure and supply chains more resilient. The Bundesbank is therefore deepening its understanding of physical climate risks, their transmission channels and measures to adapt to climate change. This is the basis for strengthening the resilience of the German financial system to climate risks, ensuring sufficient transmission of monetary policy and improving the information available to decision-makers and market participants.{#par-u7766e} {#par-u3219i} ![Focus areas and cross-cutting topings](https://publikationen.bundesbank.de/resource/blob/1008884/7f3de29894d8dcc4dacf663360b92d12/472B63F073F071307366337C94F8C870/2026-2-01-data.svg)
The cross-cutting topics "data availability and quality", "financing" and "communication" are included in all three focus areas (see Chart 1).{#par-i1572e} **Data availability and quality:**An adequate assessment of climate and nature-related risks and opportunities is possible only where data availability and quality are sufficient. These data are necessary to make informed decisions and quantify the required investment. In addition to information that helps with the assessment of the macroeconomic impact of climate policy, the Bundesbank believes it is crucial to complete and improve data on physical and nature-related risks. The Bundesbank will use new technologies and innovative data sources to improve data quality and availability in a targeted manner.{#par-o627oi} **Financing:** The Bundesbank analyses how the transition is financed. This financing is crucial to unlock the necessary investment in green technologies, nature-based solutions[\[12\]](#_ftn_root_12) and infrastructure. It plays a key role in mitigating risk and allowing adaptation to the impact of climate change. It does so by enabling private sector actors to adapt to changes in environmental conditions and become more resilient.[\[13\]](#_ftn_root_13) Financing is also needed to achieve the target of climate neutrality. The proper functioning of financial markets, especially financial stability, is a prerequisite for sufficient financing. Financing the transition requires substantial investment, especially from the private sector. Targeted government measures can also support the transition.{#par-ia5o31} **Communication:** In addition to its three focus areas, the Bundesbank attaches particular importance to fact-based communication of the economic and financial impacts of climate change and nature loss. This knowledge is essential for policy and society to make informed decisions, for raising public awareness, effectively managing risks, fostering international cooperation and ensuring economic stability.{#par-oi4u14} Business unit-specific objectives and measures set out in the Climate Roadmap 2026‑2027 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **2026‑2027** || | Business unit-specific objectives and measures for the core services **Monetary Policy** , **Money** , **Financial Supervision and Stability** and **Financial Market Services and Statistics** || |----------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Monetary Policy** | Supporting monetary policy decision-making processes through in-depth analysis of the interactions between monetary policy, the economy as a whole and transition processes, including the impact on Germany as a business location and financial centre. | | **Monetary Policy** | Actively and constructively contributing to and shaping the Eurosystem's committee work on incorporating climate-related aspects. | | **Monetary Policy** | Strengthening and deepening institutional knowledge of market and regulatory developments, Germany as a financial centre, and climate and sustainability risks through active dialogue with stakeholders. | | **Money** | Studies and initiatives to reduce the ecological footprint of the cash cycle. | | **Money** | Incorporating sustainability aspects into the technical development and future operation of the digital euro and in the settlement of cash payments. | | **Money** | Active involvement and participation in international bodies and Eurosystem studies to promote sustainability in payments and securities settlement. | | **Money** | Comprehensive analysis to identify potential ways to apply sustainability principles to payments and securities settlement and the systematic discontinuation of cheques as a payment method in Germany. | | **Financial Supervision and Stability** | Improving and expanding methods and models for sustainability-related financial stability analysis while identifying and using new data sources. Adding forward-looking indicators to sustainability-related financial stability analysis. Making new technologies an integral part of collecting and evaluating sustainability data. | | **Financial Supervision and Stability** | Integrating climate change risks more fully into the supervisory process. Providing off-site supervisors with targeted information from a central source for use in their daily work. Providing off-site supervisors and on-site examiners with further training on these risks. | | **Financial Market Services and Statistics** | Enhancing and evolving the sustainability concept for the Bundesbank's own portfolio, incorporating the objectives of the Paris Agreement. | | **Financial Market Services and Statistics** | As part of asset management for central government, regional governments and public institutions, continuing to support clients in developing sustainability strategies and preparing climate-related portfolio reports. | | **Financial Market Services and Statistics** | Providing internal and external users with customised sustainability data in order to close specific data gaps. | {#par-i9a16a} | **2026‑2027** || | Business unit-specific objectives and measures for the functions **Communication, Policy Advice and Research** and **Sustainability** || |--------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Communications,** **Policy Advice** **and Research** | Strengthening the Bundesbank's academic reputation through high-quality sustainability research and active participation in international academic exchanges. Firmly embedding the topic of sustainability in the research programme and addressing it in individual research projects. | | **Communications,** **Policy Advice** **and Research** | Publishing Bundesbank research on climate change, climate policy and nature loss. Building on this: regularly communicating research findings and their policy implications internally and externally. | | **Sustainability** | Strengthening the Bundesbank's image as a trusted point of contact on climate and environmental risks, transition and sustainable structural change through a targeted expansion of dialogue and cooperation with relevant sustainability stakeholders. | | **Sustainability** | Actively contributing to strategic sustainability issues through work in committees and other fora, for example in the European System of Central Banks, the G7 and the Network for Greening the Financial System. | | **Sustainability** | Systematically incorporating sustainability aspects across the Bundesbank and continuously expanding staff knowledge of sustainability topics. | {#par-u9u85a} Annex: The Bundesbank's activities ---------------------------------- Over the past few years, the Deutsche Bundesbank has embarked on certain activities in order to analyse climate and nature-related risks more comprehensively and, within its mandate, contribute to the transition to a climate-neutral and resource-efficient economy. The figure below contains information on important committees, key Bundesbank projects and results, and relevant monetary policy decisions from the past year.{#par-o43874} **Green finance dashboard** : The Bundesbank's publicly available "[Green finance dashboard](https://www.bundesbank.de/en/statistics/sustainability/green-finance-dashboard--862732)" indicator system uses a number of largely freely available metrics to provide a quick overview of green finance in Germany. **Data** : Between January 2025 and April 2026, the Eurosystem and other interested central banks once again procured climate-related socially responsible investment () data from up to two data providers. These data provide information on issuers, entities and financial assets with a focus on greenhouse gas emissions and their climate and transition risks. They are used for climate-related disclosures, the integration of climate-related risks into the operational framework for implementing monetary policy, climate stress tests and research projects. The Bundesbank assumed the key role in the conception and specialist and legal management of the procurement process. **Macroeconomic analysis** : The Environmental Multi-Sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model ([EMuSe](https://www.bundesbank.de/en/publications/reports/technical-papers/the-environmental-multi-sector-dsge-model-emuse-a-technical-documentation-914846)) is a model developed by the Bundesbank that can analyse the impact of climate-related risks and policies on a regional and sectoral basis. makes it possible to map adjustment processes and transmission mechanisms of climate events, such as extreme weather, and measures, such as carbon pricing, and thus provide sound assessments of their sector-specific and macroeconomic consequences. The availability of the model to the public enables academic exchange and supports the further development of methods for analysing climate-related risks.[\[14\]](#_ftn_root_14) **Bond Monitor** : The regularly published [Bond Monitor](https://www.bundesbank.de/en/bundesbank/green-finance/esg-bond-monitor-january-2026-published-973184) provides a market overview of green and sustainable bonds as well as reporting on trends and special topics and providing in-depth analyses, such as on [defence investment and sentiment scores](https://www.bundesbank.de/resource/blob/973184/82552ee2822f2f91f48ad5c2737d00a2/472B63F073F071307366337C94F8C870/2026-01-26-esg-bond-monitor-data.pdf) in May 2025. **Research** : The analytical work carried out by the Bundesbank's core services and functions is complemented by academic studies on the interactions between sustainability, the economy and financial markets. The topic of sustainability is a key component of the Bundesbank's research programme. The frequent [publication of research results](https://www.bundesbank.de/en/bundesbank/green-finance/climate-related-research-papers-of-the-deutsche-bundesbank-894900) relating to sustainability topics contributes to increasing the Bundesbank's visibility and the prominence of its stance. **Monetary policy decisions** : In 2025, two [ECB Governing Council climate policy decisions](https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/govcdec/html/index.de.html) were the focus of particular attention. In June 2025, the Governing Council reaffirmed its objective of continuing to reduce the greenhouse gas emission intensity of the and corporate bond portfolios by an average of 7 % per year once the reinvestment period ends.[\[15\]](#_ftn_root_15) This is intended to further reduce climate-related risks on the Eurosystem's balance sheet. In addition, in July 2025, the Governing Council decided to introduce a climate factor within the collateral framework.[\[16\]](#_ftn_root_16) This measure, which was implemented on 15 June 2026, is intended to address climate-related uncertainties that have not been sufficiently captured by the existing framework to date. Furthermore, in July 2026, the Governing Council decided to extend the use of climate factors to non-financial corporate credit claims; the aim of this was to protect the Eurosystem from potential declines in collateral value due to climate-related transition shocks. Implementation is expected after mid-2027.[\[17\]](#_ftn_root_17) **Committees** : The Bundesbank is a member of numerous formal committees of the European System of Central Banks [(ESCB)](https://www.ecb.europa.eu/ecb/orga/escb/html/index.en.html) and the Single Supervisory Mechanism [(SSM)](https://www.bankingsupervision.europa.eu/about/html/index.en.html) that address the implications of climate change for the tasks of European central banks and supervisory authorities.[\[18\]](#_ftn_root_18) Additionally, the Bundesbank is active in various working groups. These include the Eurosystem Climate Change Forum (), the Research Cluster on Climate Change () and the Exchange on Climate Data -- forums that promote the exchange of knowledge and experience as well as effective cooperation on climate-related information, activities and priorities. Working groups of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision [(BCBS)](https://www.bundesbank.de/en/tasks/financial-supervision/bundesbank/basel/basel-committee-on-banking-supervision-622646) and the European Banking Authority [(EBA)](https://www.bundesbank.de/en/tasks/financial-supervision/bundesbank/eba/european-banking-authority-eba--622650) examine how to deal with sustainability risks and carry out analytical work from a supervisory perspective; the Bundesbank is involved in these activities as well. Amongst other things, the final implementation of Basel III in legislation ( and ) further increased the requirements for addressing risks: for example, through stricter specifications for institutions' risk management, stronger supervisory powers and enhanced disclosure requirements. On the Financial Stability Board [(FSB)](https://www.bundesbank.de/en/tasks/financial-and-monetary-system/international-cooperation/fsb/financial-stability-board-fsb--625728), the Bundesbank has contributed to the development of an analytical framework enabling the and its members to systematically capture climate-related vulnerabilities in the global financial system.[\[19\]](#_ftn_root_19) A toolkit of forward-looking metrics based on this framework help to identify and quantify climate risks and their financial impact. Moreover, the impact of extreme weather events on financial stability was a focus of the 's most recent climate-related work. The Financial Stability Committee ([FSC](https://www.afs-bund.de/afs/EN/Home/home.html)), as the central body of macroprudential supervision in Germany, monitors systemic risks, including climate-related risks, in order to strengthen the resilience of the financial system. In the , representatives of the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority ([Bafin](https://www.bafin.de/EN/home_node_en.html)), the Bundesbank and the Federal Ministry of Finance ([BMF](https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Web/EN/Home/home.html)) work together. Together with the Federal Ministry of Finance (), the Bundesbank also represented Germany in the Sustainable Finance Working Group ([SFWG](https://g20sfwg.org/)), which in 2025 dealt with, amongst other things, how firms could integrate investment to adapt to climate change into their transition plans and how data standardisation in global trade in carbon offset certificates could be improved. The Bundesbank and the Federal Ministry of Finance are also members of the newly (in 2025) established Working Party on Sustainable Finance () of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ([OECD](https://www.oecd.org/en.html)). The brings together central banks, supervisory authorities and finance ministries from 39 jurisdictions to facilitate fair, efficient, open and sound financial markets that also take sustainability aspects into account. **Climate-related disclosures** : Since 2022, the Bundesbank has published annual [climate-related disclosures](https://www.bundesbank.de/en/tasks/topics/climate-related-disclosures-2026-bundesbank-further-expands-climate-related-and-nature-related-work-948690) in which it focuses on the climate performance of its own financial investments. Most recently, the climate-related disclosures were expanded to include an analysis of the financed greenhouse gas emissions of commercial banks whose bonds the Bundesbank holds in its euro portfolio. : The Network for Greening the Financial System ([NGFS](https://www.ngfs.net/en)) was established in 2017 as a network of central banks and supervisory authorities. As a voluntary network, the network serves as a forum for an international exchange of experiences to identify and better manage financial climate and nature-related risks. At the time of publication, the comprises 152 members and 24 observers. The Deutsche Bundesbank is a founding member and is actively involved in numerous working groups. From January 2024 to June 2026, the Bundesbank's First Deputy Governor Dr Sabine Mauderer chaired the , having previously served for two years as Vice-Chair. Within this timeframe, the network grew by 25 members, and continued to update its governance structure in order to take account of the network's increased importance and size. For example, regional groups were established to involve members more closely and to better respond to their region-specific needs and requirements. With the Expert Network on Capacity Building, which was established in 2025, the will focus even more intently on addressing the needs of new members for capacity-building and knowledge-building. In 2024 and 2025, the further consolidated its role as an analytical powerhouse with a total of 26 publications.[\[20\]](#_ftn_root_20) The network's increased international visibility and recognition was further increased by its active participation in high-profile events such as the 29th and 30th United Nations Climate Change Conferences (COP) and by initiating a dialogue with the [Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action](https://www.financeministersforclimate.org/) (). In addition to an input paper for the French Presidency on the physical risks of extreme weather events, an input paper for the was presented for the first time in 2025, addressing the integration of climate adaptation and resilience into transition plans. **Stress tests** : The Financial Stability Reviews of 2021, 2023 and 2024 developed a framework for investigating systemic vulnerabilities and analysing them across the financial system -- in the banking, fund and insurance sectors -- in both long- and short-term scenarios. This framework provided the basis for models that are necessary for conducting stress tests and, amongst other things, yield a detailed picture of the financial sector. In 2025, a [banking stress test](https://www.bundesbank.de/en/publications/research/discussion-papers/climate-stress-test-for-the-german-banking-sector-impact-of-the-green-transition-on-corporate-loan-portfolios-925556) focused on climate-related risks in the German banking sector was conducted, on the basis of this preliminary work. The aim was to analyse the vulnerabilities of individual banks and the system as a whole to transition risks during the green transition. This represents an important contribution by the Bundesbank to the evolution of risk management and strengthening of financial stability in the context of climate change. **Website** : The Bundesbank regularly publishes speeches, guest articles, research papers and other current information on green finance on its [website](https://www.bundesbank.de/en/bundesbank/green-finance). Various video formats explaining the Bundesbank's role in the field of sustainability can also be found there. These include group-specific social media formats designed to convey the importance of the Bundesbank's sustainability tasks to a younger audience in particular -- such as the "[Finance Flash](https://www.bundesbank.de/de/bundesbank/finance-flash)" video series. 1. {#_ftn_root_1} A study conducted by the Institute for Ecological Economy Research (IÖW), Prognos and the Institute of Economic Structures Research () concludes that the annual downstream costs of climate change for the period from 2022 to 2050 could keep on increasing over time and ultimately amount to between €280 and €900 billion (source: [Costs of Climate Change Impacts in Germany](https://www.ioew.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BILDER_und_Downloaddateien/Publikationen/2023/BMWK-Merkblatt-Klimawandelfolgen_Zusammenfassung.pdf)). 2. {#_ftn_root_2} Achieving climate neutrality is already part of the constitutional protection mandate enshrined in Article 20a of the Basic Law (*Grundgesetz* ); Article 20a of the Basic Law does not enjoy unconditional priority over other concerns, but must be balanced with other constitutional goods and principles in the event of conflict (see [Federal Constitutional Court, Decision of 24 March 2021, 1 BvR 2656/18 et al., paragraph 198](https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Entscheidungen/EN/2021/03/rs20210324_1bvr265618en.html)). Article 143h of the Basic Law addresses this objective and names the achievement of climate neutrality by 2045 as the constitutional purpose of the additional investments provided therein. 3. {#_ftn_root_3} See Deutsche Bundesbank (2022), [Climate change and climate policy: analytical requirements and options from a central bank perspective](https://publikationen.bundesbank.de/caas/v1/media/884790/data/34b5c89161777abb8e21314e0a7cb4d8), Monthly Report, January 2022. 4. {#_ftn_root_4} The Bundesbank already addressed transition risks for the German financial system in its [2021 Financial Stability Review](https://www.bundesbank.de/resource/blob/880192/f930bd576207991f68c9c659caee21af/mL/2021-finanzstabilitaetsbericht-data.pdf), the implications for central banks in general in its January 2022 Monthly Report ([Climate change and climate policy: analytical requirements and options from a central bank perspective \| Deutsche Bundesbank](https://publikationen.bundesbank.de/caas/v1/media/884790/data/34b5c89161777abb8e21314e0a7cb4d8)) and the implications for banking supervision, in particular, in its April 2023 Monthly Report ([Monthly Report: How climate change is challenging banking supervision \| Deutsche Bundesbank](https://www.bundesbank.de/en/tasks/topics/monthly-report-how-climate-change-is-challenging-banking-supervision-879668)).The April 2026 edition of the Monthly Report takes a detailed look at the impact of nature-related risks on the German banking sector ([Monthly Report: Sustainability risks are a growing area of interest for banking supervisors \| Deutsche Bundesbank](https://www.bundesbank.de/en/tasks/topics/monthly-report-sustainability-risks-increasingly-in-the-sights-of-banking-supervisors-993806)). A study conducted by researchers from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and the European Central Bank () estimates that rising temperatures could drive up global food inflation by between 0.92 and 3.2 percentage points per year and headline inflation by between 0.32 and 1.18 percentage points up to 2035 (source: Kotz, M., Kuik, F., Lis, E. et al. (2024), Global warming and heat extremes to enhance inflationary pressures, Communications Earth \& Environment Vol. 5, No 116 [Global warming and heat extremes to enhance inflationary pressures \| Communications Earth \& Environment](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-01173-x)). The results from Faccia et al. (2026), Feeling the heat: extreme temperatures and price stability, [ECB Working Paper No 2021/2626](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3981219) show that extreme temperatures can have an impact on price stability, too. 5. {#_ftn_root_5} See also [Umweltberichterstattung der Deutschen Bundesbank 2024\| Deutsche Bundesbank](https://www.bundesbank.de/resource/blob/988622/f8cda60bfca7100c72b8ad7e01c56fd9/472B63F073F071307366337C94F8C870/2024-umweltbericht-data.pdf). 6. {#_ftn_root_6} However, the concept of sustainability is broader. In practice, sustainability criteria are mostly referred to as environmental, sustainability and governance () criteria. 7. {#_ftn_root_7} See [Tasks \| Deutsche Bundesbank](https://www.bundesbank.de/en/tasks). 8. {#_ftn_root_8} As part of "Strategy 2027", the Bundesbank has reviewed its strategy and steering process and restructured it in respect of performance and impact. See [The Bundesbank's Strategy \| Deutsche Bundesbank](https://www.bundesbank.de/en/bundesbank/organisation/mission-statement-and-strategy-of-the-bundesbank-/the-bundesbank-s-strategy--618244) 9. {#_ftn_root_9} Objective 3b targets sustainability aspects in its own business operations and will not be the subject of this document. Information on measures related to this objective can be found in the Bundesbank's regular environmental reporting and in the Bundesbank's [Environmental Guideline](https://www.bundesbank.de/en/bundesbank/organisation/mission-statement-and-strategy-of-the-bundesbank-/environmental-guideline-618358). 10. {#_ftn_root_10} See [European Climate Law Regulation (EU) 2021/1119](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32021R1119&qid=1789642869682). 11. {#_ftn_root_11} See [Federal Climate Action Act -- non-official table of contents](https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_ksg/index.html). 12. {#_ftn_root_12} Nature-based solutions are actions to protect, conserve, restore, sustainably use and manage natural or modified terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems which address social, economic and environmental challenges effectively and adaptively, while simultaneously providing benefits for human well-being, ecosystem services, resilience and biodiversity. See also [Naturbasierte Lösungen für den Klima- und Biodiversitätsschutz \| Federal Environment Agency](https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/naturbasierte-loesungen-fuer-den-klima#naturbasierte-lsungen-eine-nachhaltige-antwort-auf-umweltprobleme). 13. {#_ftn_root_13} In an analysis of scientific developments in climate cost research over the past 20 years, the German Institute for Economic Research () comes to the clear conclusion that climate protection is economically advantageous because the avoided climate damage significantly exceeds the costs of climate protection. (Source: [DIW Berlin: Zwei Jahrzehnte Klimakostenforschung: Präventiver Klimaschutz als volkswirtschaftlicher Vorteil](https://www.diw.de/de/diw_01.c.974540.de/publikationen/wochenberichte/2025_38_3/zwei_jahrzehnte_klimakostenforschung__praeventiver_klimaschutz_als_volkswirtschaftlicher_vorteil.html) A working paper by the International Monetary Fund concludes that climate action has a global cost advantage over no climate action amounting to (at least) $85 trillion until 2100 (source: Adrian et al., [The Great Carbon Arbitrage, WP/22/107, May 2022](https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/wp/2022/english/wpiea2022107-print-pdf.pdf)). 14. {#_ftn_root_14} See also [The Environmental Multi-Sector DSGE model eMuSe: A technical documentation \| Deutsche Bundesbank](https://www.bundesbank.de/en/publications/reports/technical-papers/the-environmental-multi-sector-dsge-model-emuse-a-technical-documentation-914846). 15. {#_ftn_root_15} See the [ECB press release of 12 June 2025](https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2025/html/ecb.pr250612~484d529368.en.html). 16. {#_ftn_root_16} See the [ECB press release of 29 June 2025](https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2025/html/ecb.pr250729_1~02d753a029.en.html). 17. {#_ftn_root_17} See [ECB to extend use of climate factors in Eurosystem collateral framework to non-financial corporate credit claims](https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2026/html/ecb.pr260724_4~f082ce289d.en.html). 18. {#_ftn_root_18} These include, for example, the Banknote Committee (), which also deals with the environmental impact of euro banknotes; the Financial Stability Committee (), which analyses climate-related risks while taking macroprudential aspects into account; the Market Operations Committee (), which also looks at climate-related aspects in the Eurosystem's monetary policy instruments and securities portfolios; and the Risk Management Committee (), which examines climate-related risks affecting the and Eurosystem balance sheets. 19. {#_ftn_root_19} See the [FSB press release of 16 January 2025](https://www.fsb.org/2025/01/fsb-develops-analytical-framework-and-toolkit-to-assess-climate-related-vulnerabilities/). 20. {#_ftn_root_20} These include the [Transition Plan Package](https://www.ngfs.net/en/publications-and-statistics/publications/ngfs-transition-plan-package), reports on the [macroeconomic impact of climate change](https://www.ngfs.net/en/what-we-do/monetary-policy), [Phase V of the long-term scenarios](https://www.ngfs.net/system/files/import/ngfs/medias/documents/ngfs_scenarios_main_presentation.pdf) and the first-ever publication of [short-term climate scenarios](https://www.ngfs.net/en/press-release/ngfs-publishes-first-vintage-short-term-climate-scenarios). 21. {#_ftn_root_21} These include the [Transition Plan Package](https://www.ngfs.net/en/publications-and-statistics/publications/ngfs-transition-plan-package), reports on the [macroeconomic impact of climate change](https://www.ngfs.net/en/what-we-do/monetary-policy), [Phase V of the long-term scenarios](https://www.ngfs.net/system/files/import/ngfs/medias/documents/ngfs_scenarios_main_presentation.pdf) and the first-ever publication of [short-term climate scenarios](https://www.ngfs.net/en/press-release/ngfs-publishes-first-vintage-short-term-climate-scenarios). 22. {#_ftn_root_22} These include, for example, the Banknote Committee (), which also deals with the environmental impact of euro banknotes; the Financial Stability Committee (), which analyses climate-related risks while taking macroprudential aspects into account; the Market Operations Committee (), which also looks at climate-related aspects in the Eurosystem's monetary policy instruments and securities portfolios; and the Risk Management Committee (), which examines climate-related risks affecting the and Eurosystem balance sheets. 23. {#_ftn_root_23} These include, for example, the Banknote Committee (), which also deals with the environmental impact of euro banknotes; the Financial Stability Committee (), which analyses climate-related risks while taking macroprudential aspects into account; the Market Operations Committee (), which also looks at climate-related aspects in the Eurosystem's monetary policy instruments and securities portfolios; and the Risk Management Committee (), which examines climate-related risks affecting the and Eurosystem balance sheets. 24. {#_ftn_root_24} See the [FSB press release of 16 January 2025](https://www.fsb.org/2025/01/fsb-develops-analytical-framework-and-toolkit-to-assess-climate-related-vulnerabilities/). 25. {#_ftn_root_25} See also [The Environmental Multi-Sector DSGE model eMuSe: A technical documentation \| Deutsche Bundesbank](https://www.bundesbank.de/en/publications/reports/technical-papers/the-environmental-multi-sector-dsge-model-emuse-a-technical-documentation-914846). 26. {#_ftn_root_26} See the [ECB press release of 12 June 2025](https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2025/html/ecb.pr250612~484d529368.en.html). 27. {#_ftn_root_27} See the [ECB press release of 29 June 2025](https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2025/html/ecb.pr250729_1~02d753a029.en.html). 28. {#_ftn_root_28} See [ECB to extend use of climate factors in Eurosystem collateral framework to non-financial corporate credit claims](https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2026/html/ecb.pr260724_4~f082ce289d.en.html). 29. {#_ftn_root_29} These include, for example, the Banknote Committee (), which also deals with the environmental impact of euro banknotes; the Financial Stability Committee (), which analyses climate-related risks while taking macroprudential aspects into account; the Market Operations Committee (), which also looks at climate-related aspects in the Eurosystem's monetary policy instruments and securities portfolios; and the Risk Management Committee (), which examines climate-related risks affecting the and Eurosystem balance sheets. 30. {#_ftn_root_30} See the [FSB press release of 16 January 2025](https://www.fsb.org/2025/01/fsb-develops-analytical-framework-and-toolkit-to-assess-climate-related-vulnerabilities/). 31. {#_ftn_root_31} These include the [Transition Plan Package](https://www.ngfs.net/en/publications-and-statistics/publications/ngfs-transition-plan-package), reports on the [macroeconomic impact of climate change](https://www.ngfs.net/en/what-we-do/monetary-policy), [Phase V of the long-term scenarios](https://www.ngfs.net/system/files/import/ngfs/medias/documents/ngfs_scenarios_main_presentation.pdf) and the first-ever publication of [short-term climate scenarios](https://www.ngfs.net/en/press-release/ngfs-publishes-first-vintage-short-term-climate-scenarios). *[APP]: asset purchase programme *[Bafin]: Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht *[G20]: Group of 20 *[WPSF]: Working Party on Sustainable Finance *[CRD VI]: Capital Requirements Directive VI *[SRI]: Solar Reflectance Index *[EMuSe]: United States *[CRR III]: Capital Requirements Regulation III *[PEPP]: pandemic emergency purchase programme *[G7]: Group of Seven *[FSB]: Financial Stability Board *[FSC]: Financial Stability Committee *[ESG]: environmental, social and governance *[BMF]: Bundesministerium der Finanzen *[BANCO]: Banknote Committee *[**NGFS**]: Network for Greening the Financial System *[US]: United States *[MOC]: Market Operations Committee *[NGFS]: Network for Greening the Financial System *[GWS]: Gesellschaft für Wirtschaftliche Strukturforschung *[ECB]: European Central Bank *[CCF]: credit conversion factor *[RMC]: Risk Management Committee *[SSM]: Single Supervisory Mechanism *[ESCB]: European System of Central Banks *[EU]: European Union *[DIW]: Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung *[RCCC]: Research Cluster on Climate Change *[CFMCA]: Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action *[**ESG**]: environmental, social and governance