As in the preceding year, developments in net interest income in the reporting year were mainly attributable to differences in the speed and degree of interest rate increases applying to loans and deposits. 26 For example, monthly interest rate statistics show that whilst interest rates on new loans to non-financial corporations and households continued to increase sharply, interest rates on overnight deposits from the private non-financial sector in particular were raised by banks to a relatively weak extent once again. According to an estimate in the Bundesbank’s 2023 Financial Stability Review, overall interest expenditure in 2023 would have been an estimated €29 billion higher if German banks had passed through the key interest rate hikes to overnight deposits as observed in the past. 27 However, the volume of these deposits had grown to an unprecedented level by 2022, meaning that, in 2023, this type of deposit continued to be not only the most cost-efficient type of funding, but also the main source of funding for German banks. The nevertheless relatively strong growth in interest expenditure was probably due in part to the fact that interest rates on time deposits rose as anticipated and thus to a greater extent than interest rates on sight deposits. 28 Moreover, non-financial corporations and households increasingly shifted their funds from sight deposits to time deposits.
Furthermore, German credit institutions generated a total of roughly €41 billion in interest income from deposits held at the central bank in 2023. 29 This amounted to around 12% of total interest income in the reporting year, with interest income from deposits held at the central bank contributing just under one-quarter of the growth in interest income. 30 By contrast, at roughly €5 billion, interest expenditure on monetary policy refinancing operations accounted for only around 2% of German credit institutions’ overall interest expenditure in 2023 and contributed just under 5% of the rise in interest expenditure. 31
All of the categories of banks under consideration 32 posted higher net interest income for the year under review than in 2022. However, the increases varied very considerably across the different categories of banks. In particular, savings banks’ net interest income saw strong above-average growth of €6.3 billion (+27.2%), meaning that roughly 41% of the total increase in net interest income in 2023 was attributable to savings banks. By contrast, the increase recorded by credit cooperatives was slightly below average at €2.5 billion (+14.1%). The main reason for this was that the increase in interest expenditure in relation to interest income was significantly greater at credit cooperatives than at savings banks. Like savings banks, regional and other commercial banks also recorded substantial growth in their net interest income in 2023, up €3.8 billion (+23.5%). Together, savings banks, regional and other commercial banks, and credit cooperatives generated just over 80% of the total increase in net interest income in 2023. By contrast, big banks’ net interest income increased only marginally, stagnating at the level recorded in 2022. 33 Unlike the situation at regional and other commercial banks, interest income and interest expenditure at big banks increased in almost equal measure.
As savings banks and credit cooperatives predominantly conduct conventional lending and deposit business, net interest income plays a relatively important role as a source of income for both categories of banks. For example, in 2023 nearly three-quarters of operating income at savings banks and credit cooperatives was attributable to net interest income. By contrast, regional and other commercial banks generated only around half of their operating income through net interest income, with the equivalent figure for big banks being just short of 60%.
The interest margin 34 increased again in the reporting year for the first time since 2018. It was up 0.14 percentage point compared with 2022, but, standing at 1.00%, still fell short of the long-term average (1.09%). The improvement resulted entirely from the increase in net interest income, as aggregate average total assets for the year hardly grew at all in 2023.
In a comparison of the various categories of banks, savings banks and credit cooperatives in particular recorded an above-average improvement in their interest margin. The interest margin of savings banks increased by 0.42 percentage point compared with 2022, while that of credit cooperatives rose by 0.22 percentage point. In 2023, savings banks and credit cooperatives were once again the categories of banks with the highest interest margins, at 1.89% and 1.75%, respectively. Nevertheless, both categories of banks were still short of their long-term average levels (2.04% and 2.13%, respectively). In addition to savings banks and credit cooperatives, regional and other commercial banks also improved their interest margin. This increase, which amounted to 0.16 percentage point, was roughly on a par with the aggregate across all German banks. However, at 1.00%, the interest margin of regional and other commercial banks likewise fell short of the long-term average level for the category (1.63%). The interest margin of big banks, by contrast, remained at the previous year’s level, standing at 0.66%, and was still significantly below the long-term average (0.85%).
Net commission income stagnated at the previous year’s level and once again played no part in improving the profit for the financial year in 2023. Unlike in the previous year, both commissions received and commissions paid declined. In absolute terms, however, the declines in 2023 of €1.9 billion and €1.6 billion, respectively, were nearly the same size, meaning that net commission income, totalling €37.6 billion, remained at the previous year’s level. Furthermore, as aggregate total assets of German banks remained largely unchanged on the year, the commission margin 35 in 2023 also stagnated at the previous year’s level. In addition, at 0.35%, it was also in line with the long-term average.
Overall, the Eurosystem’s key interest rate hikes were a drag on German banks’ net non-interest income. 36 However, commissions business in the individual business areas was mixed across the various categories of banks. German credit institutions derived most benefit from payments business and portfolio management. By contrast, declines were seen above all in lending business, securities business and brokerage business.
In a comparison of the categories of banks under consideration, the absolute changes in net commission income were low across the board, but there were sizeable differences when looking at percentage changes. The changes in the commission margins recorded by the respective categories of banks were also correspondingly low. For example, net commission income of regional and other commercial banks declined by €0.9 billion (-10.8%) compared with 2022. The commission margin of this category of banks thus fell by 0.06 percentage point to 0.38%. By contrast, savings banks and big banks increased their net commission income in 2023 by €0.4 billion (+3.8%) and €0.3 billion (+2.9%), respectively. As a result of this, the commission margin of savings banks rose marginally to 0.65%. The commission margin of big banks remained unchanged at 0.38%, despite slightly higher net commission income in 2023. Credit cooperatives’ net commission income and thus also their commission margin remained unchanged in the year under review compared with the previous year.
The net result from the trading portfolio increased by €1.8 billion (+18.4%) to €11.6 billion in 2023. The trading result continued to be a significant source of income only for big banks, regional and other commercial banks, and Landesbanken. In the reporting year, big banks (+59.1%) and regional and other commercial banks (+28.7%), in particular, improved their trading results. This was primarily driven by gains from hedging transactions attributable to increased customer demand in the changed interest rate environment. By contrast, Landesbanken recorded a decline of 38.6% compared with 2022. In their case, the higher interest rate level primarily led to valuation losses on derivatives.
The other operating result 37 recorded a very strong improvement compared with 2022 (+€6.4 billion/+359.7%). This increase was almost exclusively driven by big banks. Their other operating result for 2023 was €5.6 billion higher than in the previous year. In comparison with 2022, big banks saw a significant decline in their other operating expenses, in particular. The Eurosystem’s key interest rate hikes and the resulting higher interest rate level led, above all, to a reduction in transfers to provisions for pensions.
German credit institutions’ net valuation charges 38 declined by just over one-third compared with the previous year. After the sharp increase in 2022, net valuation charges declined in the reporting year by €6.0 billion to €10.3 billion, thus falling under the long-term average of €13.5 billion. This decline was chiefly attributable to the lower depreciation of and value adjustments to loans and advances, and provisions for contingent liabilities and for commitments. At €11.9 billion in the reporting year, they were €6.5 billion lower than the previous year’s figure and thus also below the long-term average of €17.2 billion. Compared with the previous year, a considerable decline could be seen in particular for write-downs on securities in the liquidity reserve, following a sharp increase in 2022 against the backdrop of the higher interest rate level. In addition, there were reversals of impairment losses on securities which had been written down in 2022 (for more information see the supplementary information on earnings effects since the interest rate reversal on securities held in German credit institutions’ banking books). Nevertheless, a comparison of the categories of banks under consideration shows considerable differences.